Humans are exposed to the contaminated environment which may contain known human or animal carcinogens and it was estimated that environmental chemicals contribute to...

A simple flow cytometry protocol to determine simultaneously live, dead and apoptotic stallion spermatozoa in fresh and frozen thawed samples. Flow cytometry is increasingly used...

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles believed to have been integrated into modern eukaryotes via symbiosis of proteobacteria into an anaerobic pre-eukaryotic (host) cell 1.5–2 billion...

The majority of living beings need oxygen to ensure their existence while oxygen can produce free radicals that are also called reactive oxygen species...

Very remarkably, many of nanomachines will always perform their functions automatically, after they are isolated and purified, provided the environment is not too hard....

With all their different genomic structures, forms, and sizes, viruses basically have a relatively simple replication cycle. While only the genome of a bacteriophage...

Viruses are important pathogens in plants and animals, including man. The complete infectious viral particle is called a virion. Its genome carries a limited...

Transfer of DNA occurs not only by fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction but also between other cells of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms (conjugation...

The discovery of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) in 1941 opened a new era in the study of the genetics of prokaryotic organisms. Although...

In 1946, J. Lederberg and E. L. Tatum first demonstrated that genetic information can be exchanged between different mutant bacterial strains. This corresponds to...